Object Oriented Coffee Maker Machine : Python

 

Object Oriented Coffee 

Maker Machine

( Python Based ) 

The functionality given to the virtual coffee machine is a replica of our actual coffee machine. But, this oops-oriented coffee machine can only take order one out of latte/espresso/cappuccino.

The code is designed after determining 5 conditions to serve the coffee:

• Turn On & Off the machine
• Print the available quantity of the resources & money
• Process the made payment by the user
• Here, check out the given payment is ok?
• Serve the coffee

Before solving the above-mentioned conditions, the modules containing these functionalities are imported. And the functionality of these modules can be understood from below given class's documentation:

MenuItem Class

Attributes:

        

• name

(str) The name of the drink.

e.g. “latte”

• cost

(float) The price of the drink.

e.g 1.5

• ingredients

(dictionary) The ingredients and amounts required to make the drink.

e.g. {“water”: 100, “coffee”: 16}

Menu Class

Methods:

• get_items()

Returns all the names of the available menu items as a concatenated string.

e.g. “latte/espresso/cappuccino”

• find_drink(order_name)

Parameter order_name: (str) The name of the drinks order.

Searches the menu for a particular drink by name. Returns a MenuItem object if it exists, otherwise returns None.

CoffeeMaker Class

Methods:

• report()

Prints a report of all resources.

e.g.

Water: 300ml

Milk: 200ml

Coffee: 100g

• is_resource_sufficient(drink)

Parameter drink: (MenuItem) The MenuItem object to make.

Returns True when the drink order can be made, False if ingredients are insufficient.

e.g.

True

• make_coffee(order)

Parameter order: (MenuItem) The MenuItem object to make.

Deducts the required ingredients from the resources.

MoneyMachine Class

Methods:

• report()

Prints the current profit

e.g.

Money: $0

• make_payment(cost)

Parameter cost: (float) The cost of the drink.

Returns True when payment is accepted, or False if insufficient.

e.g. False

Final Code Structure

1. Turn On & Off the machine

is_on=True

while is_on:

options = menu.get_items()
choice = input(f"What would you like? ({options}):").lower()
 
    if choice =='off':
        is_on = False

2. Print the available quantity of the resources & money - The final report

from menu import Menu, MenuItem
from coffee_maker import CoffeeMaker
from money_machine import MoneyMachine


coffee = CoffeeMaker()
money = MoneyMachine()
menu = Menu()

is_on = True

while is_on:
    options = menu.get_items()
    choice = input(f"What would you like? ({options}):").lower()

    if choice =='off':
        is_on = False
    elif choice == 'report':
        money.report()
        coffee.report()
3. & 4. Process the made payment by the user. Also, check out the given payment is ok?

from menu import Menu, MenuItem
from coffee_maker import CoffeeMaker
from money_machine import MoneyMachine


coffee = CoffeeMaker()
money = MoneyMachine()
# menuitem = MenuItem()
menu = Menu()
is_on=True

while is_on:
    options = menu.get_items()
    choice = input(f"What would you like? ({options}):").lower()

    if choice =='off':
        is_on = False
    elif choice == 'report':
        money.report()
        coffee.report()
    else:
        drink = menu.find_drink(choice)
        if coffee.is_resource_sufficient(drink):
            if money.make_payment(drink.cost):

5. Serve the coffee

from menu import Menu, MenuItem
from coffee_maker import CoffeeMaker
from money_machine import MoneyMachine


coffee = CoffeeMaker()
money = MoneyMachine()
menu = Menu()

is_on = True

while is_on:
    options = menu.get_items()
    choice = input(f"What would you like? ({options}):").lower()

    if choice =='off':
        is_on = False
    elif choice == 'report':
        money.report()
        coffee.report()
    else:
        drink = menu.find_drink(choice)
        if coffee.is_resource_sufficient(drink):
            if money.make_payment(drink.cost):
                coffee.make_coffee(drink)
 Thank You :)    

Solution to Exploring Data Types TechGig - 02

Exploring Data Types TechGig

The question asked to check out the data type of the user input. It was quite tricky as python by default converts the type of the input into type str. So, I was halfway blank like what approach to use.

Further, I googled & ended up with this article: How You Make Sure input() Is the Type You Want It to Be in Python Unluckily, it introduced me with nothing new concept but, gave me a path to go & explore libraries. And while looking out for them I discovered regex that is regular expressions in python and to this, I thought of adding exception handling.

Finally, trial & test lead me to a code that actually passed out all the test cases. Seriously, Exception handling is a wingman.

Also, keeping below mentioned five custom inputs in mind, I had been able to see the clear picture:

Custom Input 1: Hello Engineer Bae

Expected Output: This input is of type string.

Custom Input 2: 22.33

Expected Output: This input is of type Float.

Custom Input 3: 33

Expected Output: This input is of type Integer.

Custom Input 4: @@

Expected Output: This is something else.

Custom Input 5:             #space as input since, space is a character

Expected Output: This input is of type string.

Here we go. The code that is the answer to the exploring data types - day 02 question of techgig. 

# Exploring Data Types _ TechGig

import re

def checking():

    user_input = input("Enter input: ")

    try:

        check  = int(user_input)

        print("This input is of type Integer.")

    except ValueError:

        try:

            check = float(user_input)

            print("This input is of type Float.")

        except ValueError:

            try:

                regex = re.compile('[@_!#$%^&*()<>?/\|}{~:]')

                if regex.search(user_input):

                    print("This is something else.")

                else:

                    check = str(user_input)

                    print("This input is of type string.")

            except ValueError:

                print("This input is of type string.")

checking()

Snake Water Gun Game - My Solution to CodewithHarry Snake Water Gun Game

This is an ancient game that is full of fun and is generally played between two players. Somewhat it is similar to Rock, Paper & Scissor.

Good Points

1. This game can be played without the need for a second human opponent.
2. The second opponent in this game will be a computer.
3. This exercise is part of code with harry's Python Tutorial for Beginners
4. This code is completely written by me.

How does this game work?

The game is developed for single-player only with easy & hard mode.

1. Easy mode allows you to give a total of 10 chances to score better.
2. Hard mode allows you to give a total of 5 chances to score better.

And the Rules are-

The game keeps running until you don't reach the last value of your selected mode(Easy or Hard).

1. Water will win from the gun, the gun will win from snake, the snake will 

win from water.

2. Out of user or computer whoever scores the highest, wins the match.

3. "Tie" is given if both of them chooses the same shape & no score is rewarded

to any player.

4. Scores are given on the basis of each chance's winner.

Final Code/Solution to Code with Harry's Project 1 - Snake, Water, Gun Game at Timestamp: 06:52:30

 
import random
import os


logo = '''
███ █   █ ███ █ █ ███   █   █ ███ ███ ███ ███   ███ █ █ █   █   ███ ███ █   █ ███ 
█   ██  █ █ █ █ █ █     █   █ █ █  █  █   █ █   █   █ █ ██  █   █   █ █ ██ ██ █   
 █  █ █ █ █ █ ██  ███   █ █ █ █ █  █  ███ ██    █   █ █ █ █ █   █   █ █ █ █ █ ███ 
  █ █  ██ ███ █ █ █     ██ ██ ███  █  █   █ █   █ █ █ █ █  ██   █ █ ███ █   █ █   
███ █   █ █ █ █ █ ███   █   █ █ █  █  ███ █ █   ███ ███ █   █   ███ █ █ █   █ ███ 
'''

# Generated Ascii art from here, https://ascii.co.uk/text & font is Maxiwi

snake = ''' 
      {0O}
      \__/
      /^/
     ( (             
     \_\_____
     (_______)
    (_________()Oo
'''

water='''

_____________________________________________
 -   ~~~       -    ----     -       -      -   
  ~    --     ~         ~    --       --  ``
---            ---          ---       / ~
     ----  ~     ----        ----      ~  / 
-----         -----         ----- /   '   '~    
  ~   .-~~-.      ~    ------     / ~   ~    
___________________________________________

'''

gun= '''
  .-.____________________.-.
     ___ _.' .-----.    _____________|======+
    /_._/   (      |   /_____________|      
      /      `  _ ____/                     
     |_      .\( \\                         
    .'  `-._/__`_// 
  .'       |""""'
 /        /
/        |
|        '
|         \
`-._____.-'
'''

end_game= False
easy=10
hard=5
user_score=0
computer_score=0


shapes = [snake, water , gun]


def shape_choice(shape):
    '''Allows to choose shape for a computer'''
    return random.choice(shape)


def game_decision(usr_choose_shape,computer_choose_shape,shapes,mode):
    '''Water will win from gun, gun will win from snake, snake will win from water.
    Snake--Water--Gun'''

    global user_score
    global computer_score

    if shapes[usr_choose_shape] == shapes[0] and computer_choose_shape == shapes[1]:
        print(f"This chance is won by YOU :)")
        user_score+=1
        print(f'\t Your Score: {user_score}')
        print(f"\t Computer's Score: {computer_score}")
        print(f" You're left with {mode} chance(s).")
        
    elif shapes[usr_choose_shape]==shapes[2] and computer_choose_shape == shapes[0]:
        print("This chance is won by YOU :)")
        user_score+=1
        print(f'\t Your Score: {user_score}')
        print(f"\t Computer's Score: {computer_score}")
        print(f" You're left with {mode} chance(s).")
        
    elif shapes[usr_choose_shape]==shapes[1] and computer_choose_shape == shapes[2]:
        print("This chance is won by YOU :)")
        user_score+=1
        print(f'\t Your Score: {user_score}')
        print(f"\t Computer's Score: {computer_score}")
        print(f" You're left with {mode} chance(s).")
    else:
        print('This chance is won by COMPUTER :(')
        computer_score+=1
        print(f'\t Your Score: {user_score}')
        print(f"\t Computer's Score: {computer_score}")
        print(f" You're left with {mode} chance(s).")
        



os.system('cls')
print(logo)
user=input("Choose mode: 'E' for easy & 'H' for hard: ").lower()

if user == 'E':
    print(f'\tYou have {easy} chances to win over your opponent.')
    mode=easy
else:
    print(f'\tYou have {hard} chances to win over your opponent.')
    mode=hard


def game(mode):
    
    global user_score
    global computer_score
    global easy
    global hard

    while mode!=0:

        
        # user and computer choice -> 
        

        usr_choose_shape = int(input("\n\tType 1 for Snake, 2 for Water & 3 for Gun: "))
        computer_choose_shape = shape_choice(shapes)

        

        os.system('cls')
        mode-=1

        print(logo)


        print(f"Your Choice: {shapes[usr_choose_shape-1]} ")
        
        print(f"Computer Choice: {computer_choose_shape}" )
        

        if shapes[usr_choose_shape-1] == computer_choose_shape:
            print("Nobody wins. It's a TIE!")
            print(f'\t Your Score: {user_score}')
            print(f"\t Computer's Score: {computer_score}")
            print(f" You're left with {mode} chance(s).")
            
        else:
            s=game_decision(usr_choose_shape-1,computer_choose_shape,shapes,mode )




        

    os.system('cls')
    print(logo)

    if user_score > computer_score:
        print(f"Your Final Score: 0{user_score}")
        print(f"Computer's Final Score: 0{computer_score}")
        print(f'Congratulations, you are an overall winner with score: 0{user_score}')
    elif user_score == computer_score:
        print(f"Your Final Score: 0{user_score}")
        print(f"Computer's Final Score: 0{computer_score}")
        print(f"Both share a equal score. It's a DRAW!")
    else:
        print(f"Your Final Score: 0{user_score}")
        print(f"Computer's Final Score: 0{computer_score}")
        print(f'Opponent wins with score: 0{computer_score}')


game(mode)
 

Practice questions for Python

ques: 1] Read a number & check whether it is pos. or negative? 

Solution:

try:

    num= int(input("Enter a number:"))

    if(num>0):

        print("number is positive")

    else:

        print("number is negative")

except:

    print("Please enter a number only. Thank You!")

Output: Enter a number:-1

number is negative

ques: 2] Read a number check whether it is odd or even?

Solution:

try:

    num= int(input("Enter a number:"))

    if(num%2==0):

        print("number is even")

    else:

        print("number is odd")

except:

    print("Please enter a number only. Thank You!")

Output:

python odd_even.py

Enter a number:100

number is even

ques: 3] Read the age of a person & display whether that person can vote or can not vote.

Solution:

try:

    Age= int(input("Enter your age:"))

    if(Age>=18):

        print("You're eligible to vote in elections!")

    elif(Age<=0):

        print("Please enter the correct age. Thank You!")

    else:

        print("You are under 18. You cannot Vote. Better Luck next time!")

except:

    print("Please enter a number only. Thank You!")

Output:

python castavote.py

Enter your age:-25

Please enter the coorect age. Thank You!

Ques 4] Read two numbers & display largest number

Solution:

try:

    num1,num2 = map(int, input().split())

    #map allocates the numbers at the correct position. Note that we don’t have to explicitly specify split(‘ ‘)

    # because split() uses any whitespace characters as a delimiter as default.

    if (num1<num2):

        print(num2,'is the largest')

    else:

        print(num1,'is the largest')

except:

    print("Please enter the correct values!")

Output: python largestnum.py

3 5555

5555 is the largest

Learning Python : Day 03

 

Phase 1:

#Step 1

word_list = ["aardvark", "baboon", "camel"]

chosen_word=random.choice(word_list)

print(chosen_word)

guess=input("Guess the Letter:").lower()

j=0

for i in chosen_word:

if i == guess:

j+=1

print(f'right: {j}')

else:

print('wrong')

Phase 2: Replace the underscores/blanks with the matched letter

display=[]

for i in chosen_word:

display+='_'

guess = input("Guess a letter: ").lower()

j=0

for letter in chosen_word:

if letter == guess:

display[j]=letter

j+=1

else:

j+=1

print(display)

Second Solution:

word_length=len(chosen_word)

display=[]

for _ in range(word_length):

display+="_"

for pos in range(word_length):

letter=chosen_word[pos]

if letter==guess:

display[pos]=letter

print(display)

Output:

Pssst, the solution is aardvark.

Guess a letter: a

['a', 'a', '_', '_', '_', 'a', '_', '_']

Phase 3: Guess until all the _ of the display are replaced by the chosen word and end the game

end_of_game=False

while(end_of_game!=True):

guess = input("Guess a letter: ").lower()

#Check guessed letter

for position in range(word_length):

letter = chosen_word[position]

if letter == guess:

display[position] = letter

print(display)

if '_' not in display:

end_of_game=True

print('You win')

Output:

Pssst, the solution is baboon.

Guess a letter: b

['b', '_', 'b', '_', '_', '_']

Guess a letter: a

['b', 'a', 'b', '_', '_', '_']

Guess a letter: b

['b', 'a', 'b', '_', '_', '_']

Guess a letter: o

['b', 'a', 'b', 'o', 'o', '_']

Guess a letter: n

['b', 'a', 'b', 'o', 'o', 'n']

You win

Day 04: Python Learning with Angela Yu

 Hey! Here, am on Day 02 of Angela's course. Though my heading says Day 04 which is actually done to stay in order of all the python learning blog posts to date.

Starting WILT blog with checked Day 02 completion in the daily tracker poster. This kinda gives

self-satisfaction.

So, the end project of today's day was to build a tip calculator. It splits the bill among "n" people on the basis of percentage tip. After all the calculations, it was showing the final amount to pay by "n" people.

Before coming to this project completed 3 exercises: BMI calculator, Your Life in Weeks, and adding a string as 2 digits number. Here, is the end result of the percentage tip calculator project:

Now, comes the What I learned in  DAY:02

1. len() function is incompetent in working with integers. If we even     try; the python compiler will throw an error: print(len(123456)) #It throws the traceback error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "main.py", line 1, in <module> print(len(123456)) TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len() Because we are trying to know the int's (integer) length & len function isn't trained to do so. It can only do the assigned task for strings only. 2. We have data types in python that allows using a different type of entries. a. String Syntax: a="1234" Subscript: The method of pulling out the particular character in the string type data is called a                    subscript. Syntax: print("helloworld"[0]) -> This will print out the H since H is the very first element placed at index 0. Note: 1. print("helloworld"[-1]) -> prints the last character. Initial index starts from zero                                             & last index starts from -1 2. print("123""345") -> concatenates the two strings b. Integer Syntax: a=1234 Note: 1. All the no.s whether positive or negative or whole no. comes under integer data types. 2. print(1234+1234) -> It will give the sum of two numbers. 3. print(123_456_758) -> Computer visulaises it as large no. & prints it after removing underscore:                                           123456758 c. Float Decimal numbers are floating-point numbers. Syntax: a=12.34 d. Boolean -Most Used- Syntax: a= True                 or                a=False Note: 1. While assignments, booleans don't have quotation marks around them.     Otherwise, it would turn them into a String.  ❌ a="TRUE" ❌ a=true 3. Type checking in python is done by the keyword type(). It basically shows the data type/class type. Syntax: type(12) output: class<int> Example: print(type(len(input("What is your name\n")))) output: What is your namekawal <class 'int'> because we have printed out the length of the string 4. Type Conversion is actually a change. Using this we can implicitly or explicitly change the data type. Syntax: str(a) int(a) float(a) Example: a=100 print(a) print(type(a)) #type of the variable is integer s=str(a) #type casted the int vaiable to string print(s) print(type(s)) 5. Total we have 6 Mathematical Operators in Python which follow the PEMDAS order. The      calculation proceeds from left to right to have the final result. 1. + ( Addition ) 2. - ( Subtraction ) 3. ** ( Exponentiation ) 4. // ( Floor division ) : It chops off the result & gives an int as a final answer. 5. * ( Multiplication ) 6. / ( Division ) : It always gives the float as a final result. PEMDAS is: Paranthesis <- Exponentiation <- Multiplication <- Division <- Addition <- Subtraction     1                        2                            3                        4                    5                6 Example: (3*3+3/3-3) First: 3*3: 9 Second: 3/3: 1 9+1-3 Third: 9+1:10 Fourth: 10-3: 7 is the answer. 6. Number manipulation in python is when we forcibly(using an inbuilt function) changes the               output's behavior. For example: print(8/3) -> It will output floating-point number. In order to print the int type of the result, we need to convert it to type int print(int(8/3)) -> It will output int type number.  Another way of getting the non-floating point number is using the floor division. print(8//3) -> It will chop off the after decimals & will print int type.  If you check its type, will show the result is of type int. print(type(8//3)) class <int> One more most used manipulation is a round function which rounds off the number. Example:  print(round(8/3)) -> It will output instead of printing 2.666666 will print out 3. Using this function, we can also go a step further & decide the number of desired precision. Suppose, if you want to round it to 4 We can write it as:  print(round(8/3,4)) -> It will output 2.6667  OR  bill_per_person=99/4  bill="{:.4f}".format(bill_per_person)  OR  bill_per_person=99/4  print(f"Bill per person is: {bill_per_person:.4f}")  Note: F-strings in python are used when we are in need of printing different types of data types                       altogether. s=5.7 t=True Syntax: print(f" {s},{t}") Example: score=0-> int height=1.8 ->float is_Winning=True ->boolean print("your score is" + str(score) + str(height) + str(is_Winning )                 🡇  In place of this, we will be using a different manipulation which is the f-string.                 🡇 print(f"your score is {score}") ->It does all the conversions in the backend. You don't have to worry about this. print(f"your score is {score}, your height is {height}, your is_winning ia {is_winning}") -> handling conversions of multiple data types Output: Your score is 0, your height is 1.8, your is_winning is True It cuts down the manual labor of type conversions.   7. Python has different ways of writing mathematical calculations. Among them, I loved  s+=1 the most. It basically adds 1 to the value of the s and stores the end result back to s. The second way of writing mathematical calculations:  s=4+2 -> output: 2 That was all! Overall, it was an amazing day while learning all the above-mentioned 7 pointers. The course is really well structured and has a notch to keep working on it. Thank You and will see you again in my next day update. I am planning to do it today itself. Let's see!

Day 03: Python Learning with Angela Yu

Hey, I've decided to stick with Angela Yu's #100DaysofPython challenge. The course started with a warm welcome along with all the useful resources to stay motivated and always up with consistency. Since in success, each day step taken is more important.

So, therefore, took the pledge to continue this journey (staying consistent) no matter what & also marked my day 1 completion in the below image:

 This is Day 01 and here are my all the learnings:

1.  String Manipulation and code intelligence is the very first learning in python. 

a. The String Concatenation is done with the "+" sign.

    e.g. print("Hello " + "world")

b.  Be careful while writing code. There can be syntax errors if you make spelling mistakes, can be             indentation errors if 4 space indentation is not followed in Python.

     Luckily, now we have smart text editors which, do this job on our part and when you do any                 mistake it alerts "red vertical line".

Note: New lines can be created with a backslash and n. e.g: print('Hello\nWorld')

Output:

Hello

World

2. Input function is used to take inputs from a user. Once we hit run it prompts the user to input something.

Syntax:

input("Enter your name:")

e.g:

print("Hello" + " " + input("Enter your name:")")

output:

Enter your name: Kawal Preet Kaur

Hello Kawal Preet Kaur

Note: You can also calculate the no. of characters in your input using the len function.

Syntax:

user_input=input()

print(len(user_input))

#or

print(len(input())

Further, covered variable nomenclature which I had read in UNI time already.

All are somewhat similar to other programming languages.

In the end, the day ended with a project: band name generator which I

modified to generate a youtube channel name generator:

Thank You & See you again with the next day update!

Learning Python with Reeborg's World : Day 2

It's day 02. And, I am moving ahead with more interesting concepts in programming. I have decided today I am going to cover the most so, I could get a grasp on all the concepts at the earliest.

Day 02:

Well, how I planned & finalized today's study. It didn't go that way. I went out to solve reeborg's maze challenge that covers all that we learned yesterday. Seems like I need to work more hard on my problem-solving skills.

In the maze challenge, reeborg comes at random positions. I am able to solve most of all parts in a maze. Only, locations near to the corner of the maze I am facing a problem. As of now leading to a never-ending loop.

One more thing, 1002 is pretty dangerous in this world! Yes, true if you see 1002 without having a second thought; just go back to code review. 

In the attached screenshot you can see 1002 execution steps. Sadly, I am stuck at it and will be re-doing this challenge all over again. 

-> 1002 indicates a never-ending loop.

You can check out this challenge right here.

After this, I had moved to recursion and I understood it very well. Yet again for the second time today!!! Reeborg's recursion challenge made me realize: Honey, you're a novice :'( You can't learn python just by cramming concepts. Do more practice! HELL LOT OF PRACTICE.

In short, if we call out the definition of recursion then, it is:

Function calls itself repeatedly. If we're familiar with loops we can learn them easily. 

Syntax:

 def go_home():

    if not at_goal():

        move()

        go_home()

# now do it!

go_home()

You can try this code here under home1 challenge. I am on its counting on challenge. Have few doubts for them sent a mail to Andre Sir. Hopefully, I get a reply from him so, I can re-continue my python study.

For a brief introduction to recursion please go here.

Also, I am thinking to take an udemy course alongside. I am finding difficulty in tracking my progress since I am learning under no guidance. I will do my research for a good course in python and will share if I get myself enrolled in any.

In total, 3-4 hours went by just in these two tasks. However, I am happy I am being consistent on my journey.

Thank You.

Learning Python with Reeborg's World : Day 1

Today, I am on my journey with Reeborg's world as I really like the way how the combination of exercises & tutorials are structured so, one can really sign off after at least something in hand/mind.

So, Day 1 it is & is starting from Quick Python introduction, which has covered basics including definition, function syntax, function naming, etc.

Day 1:

1. Unlike, few programming languages Python Programs follow the flow of execution in the way they are written.

First, I have been introduced to 3 basic function callings:

move()

take()

put()

One makes the reeborg to move, the second instructs to take the object, and the third one orders reeborg to put the taken object.

2. Now, comes the main question what is a function?

In simple words, a function is a set of instructions for performing actions and is stored for later use.

Syntax of the function:

def non_keyword_function_name:

......useful statements

Note 2.1: Valid function names can start with a letter or underscore but, not with a number.

Note 2.2: Def is a keyword used to define a function/to show the starting of the function precede by a colon. Colon starts the body of the block which constitutes executable instructions. Make sure to indent the statements after the colon.

Note 2.3: Indentation is there to make the program more human-friendly or say to increase the program readability.

3. Now, wrote the first useful python program. By default, reeborg doesn't have a function to switch to turn right. So, here we go with our first square program. Additionally, I have created turn around function so, I can end the square at the position it first started. P.S. Just added to explore.

#created turn around & turn right function

def turn_around():

    turn_left()

    turn_left()

def turn_right():

    turn_left()

    turn_left()

    turn_left()

turn_left()

move()

turn_right()

move()

turn_right()

move()

turn_right()

move()

turn_around()

You can also try to create your own square at the link or can test the code here(click me).

In short, a function is a code that is written so, we can use & re-use when in need. It shortens human efforts. And, can be invoked/called just this way: function_name()

Note 3.1: Parenthesis [one is opening ( and another one is closing ) ] at the end while calling the function is important else function won't get executed. 

Note 3.2: In Python, the technically correct term for “thing” is object; for Python, everything that it knows is an object. e.g: s= 2+6

4. Third is Most used & helpful when it comes to writing repetitive code. That is For loop that allows executing specific instructions which are continually repeating & following the same pattern. For loop is used when you're known to no. of instructions to run. It's the safest loop if you wish to avoid infinite loops.

For instance, while writing the instructions for the turn_right() function. We had to re-write turn_left() as we were in need of 3 repetitive left turns to make it a right turn.

Herein, for loop can save the re-writing efforts.

Syntax:

def turn_right():

......for save_energy in range(0,3): #it will run from 0 to 2. Yeah, not including 3.

...............turn_left()

In this simple case, the code block to be repeated is a single statement.

Note 4.1: Inside range the loop doesn't run fully. As if you've written 0, 3. That means, will run from 0 to 2, not including 3. 

5. When we deal with data then, a need for conditions comes. For this purpose, in python, we have, if-elif-else

Syntax:

if condition:

.....pass

elif condition:

.....pass

else

.....pass

When you're to indicate a condition in negation, not keyword is used. It reverses the value. For example not True -> It will make the true statement False.

Note 5.1: It is not compulsory to write if-elif-else in a pair. You can write just if as well. But when there are two statements then, you can choose whether if-elif or if-else pair.

Note 5.2: Else comes only once for one/particular if block but under if, elif can be numerous.

6. We have one more looping option to deal with repetition. That is while loop. This loop runs until the particular condition becomes true. It's the wildest loop that can sometimes lead to an infinite loop/never-ending loop.

Syntax:

while condition_which_runs _until_it_is_true:

...........pass

Loop will be running over & over by the time you do not reach the true condition.

For a brief introduction to reboorg's python section 1 please refer here.